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| 4 | <title>HOWTO client+server troubleshooting</title>
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| 120 |
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| 121 | <body>
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| 122 | <div class="body">
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| 123 | <p style="text-align: center; background: #ccc; border: 1px solid #2d5588;"><a
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| 124 | style="text-decoration: none;"
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| 125 | href="http://www.la-samhna.de/samhain/">samhain file integrity
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| 126 | scanner</a> | <a style="text-decoration: none;"
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| 127 | href="http://www.la-samhna.de/samhain/s_documentation.html">online
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| 128 | documentation</a></p>
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| 129 | <br><center>
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| 130 | <h1>Samhain client/server: What can go wrong, and how can you fix it ?</h1>
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| 131 | </center>
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| 132 | <br>
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| 133 | <hr>
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| [89] | 134 | <div class="warnblock">
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| 135 | <ul>
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| 136 | <li>Almost all problems can only be diagnosed correctly by checking the
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| [307] | 137 | <b>server logs</b>.</li>
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| 138 | <li>
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| 139 | If the server does not write logs, <b>fix this first</b>. For debugging,
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| 140 | stop the server, then run it in the foreground with
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| 141 | <tt>yule -p info --foreground</tt>
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| 142 | <ul>
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| 143 | <li>
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| 144 | By default, the server logs to the file
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| 145 | <tt>/var/log/yule/yule_log</tt>, and since the server drops
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| 146 | root privileges on startup, the directory <tt>/var/log/yule</tt>
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| 147 | must be writable for the nonprivileged user the server runs
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| 148 | as (the first existing out of: yule, daemon, nobody).
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| 149 | </li>
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| 150 | <li>
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| 151 | Logging to the logfile must be enabled in the
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| 152 | <tt>/etc/yulerc</tt> config file (e.g. LogSeverity=mark, or
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| 153 | LogSeverity=info for enhanced verbosity).
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| 154 | </li>
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| 155 | </ul>
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| 156 | </li>
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| [91] | 157 | </ul>
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| [89] | 158 | </div>
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| [1] | 159 | <p>
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| 160 | This document aims to explain how to diagnose and fix common problems that
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| 161 | may result from misunderstanding or misconfiguration when setting up
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| 162 | a client/server samhain system. This document is divided in several sections
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| 163 | more or less corresponding to the different stages when a client
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| 164 | connects to a server. Each section starts with a brief explanation that
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| 165 | should provide a basic understanding of what is going on.
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| 166 | </p>
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| 167 | <p>
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| 168 | This document does not discuss <i>how</i> to setup a client/server (for
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| 169 | this, look into the manual and/or the HOWTO-client+server).
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| 170 | </p>
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| 171 |
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| 172 | <h2><a name="sect1">Table of Contents</a></h2>
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| 173 | <p>
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| 174 | <a href="#sect1">Connecting to the server</a><br>
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| 175 | <a href="#sect2">Authentication</a><br>
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| 176 | <a href="#sect3">Downloading config/database files</a><br>
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| 177 | <a href="#sect4">Other connection problems</a><br>
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| 178 | </p>
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| 179 |
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| 180 | <h2><a name="sect1">Connecting to the server</a></h2>
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| 181 |
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| 182 | <p>
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| 183 | Client/server connections are always initiated from the client. The port
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| 184 | is compiled in (there is a configure option to change the default).
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| 185 | The default port is 49777.
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| 186 | </p>
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| 187 |
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| 188 | <h3>Problem #1</h3>
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| 189 | <p>
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| 190 | The client reports: <b>Connection refused</b>. The server reports nothing.
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| 191 | </p>
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| 192 | <p>
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| 193 | The server is down, listens on the wrong port, or network failure.
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| 194 | </p>
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| 195 |
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| 196 | <h3>Problem #2</h3>
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| 197 | <p>
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| 198 | The client reports: <b>Connection error: Connection reset by peer</b>, and
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| 199 | later also <b>Session key negotiation failed</b>. The server reports:
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| 200 | <b>msg="Refused connection from ..." subroutine="libwrap"</b>.
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| 201 | </p>
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| 202 | <p>
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| 203 | The server is compiled with libwrap (TCP Wrapper) support, and the
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| 204 | client is either in <tt>/etc/hosts.deny</tt>, or you have set <i>yule: ALL</i>
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| 205 | in <tt>/etc/hosts.deny</tt>, and forgot to put the client in
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| 206 | <tt>/etc/hosts.allow</tt>.
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| 207 | </p>
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| 208 | <p>
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| 209 | To fix: make proper entries in <tt>/etc/hosts.allow</tt> and/or
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| 210 | <tt>/etc/hosts.deny</tt>. There is no need to restart/reload the server.
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| 211 | </p>
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| 212 |
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| 213 |
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| 214 | <h2><a name="sect2">Authentication</a></h2>
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| 215 | <p>
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| 216 | The client has a password that is used to authenticate to the server.
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| 217 | This password is located within the binary, and is set with the
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| 218 | <tt>samhain_setpwd</tt> helper application, as explained e.g. in the
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| 219 | manual or in the Client+Server HOWTO.
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| 220 | </p><p>
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| 221 | The server has a list of clients that are allowed to connect, and the
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| 222 | verifiers corresponding to the passwords of these clients.
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| 223 | </p>
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| 224 | <p>
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| 225 | Upon successful authentication, client and server will negotiate
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| 226 | a <b>session key</b> that is used for signing further messages
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| 227 | from the client.
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| 228 | </p>
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| 229 |
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| 230 | <h3>Problem #1</h3>
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| 231 |
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| 232 | <p>
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| 233 | If the password is wrong, the client will report
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| 234 | <b>Session key negotiation failed</b>. The server will
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| 235 | report: <b>Invalid connection attempt: Session key mismatch</b>
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| 236 | </p>
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| 237 | <p>
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| 238 | To fix: make sure that the password has in fact been set, that you are
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| 239 | using the correct executable for the client (the one where the password is
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| 240 | set), and that the entry in the server config file is the one generated
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| 241 | for this password (also look out for double entries for this client).
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| 242 | </p>
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| 243 |
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| 244 | <h3>Problem #2</h3>
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| 245 |
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| 246 | <p>
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| 247 | If the client name (as resolved on the server) is wrong, the client
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| 248 | will report
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| 249 | <b>Session key negotiation failed</b>. The server will
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| 250 | report: <b>Invalid connection attempt: Not in client list</b>,
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| 251 | <i>and</i> it will tell you in the same error message
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| 252 | what name it has inferred for the connecting
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| 253 | client (example): <b>client="client.mydomain.com"</b>.
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| 254 | </p>
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| 255 | <p>
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| 256 | The fix depends on the nature of the problem. In principle, it should be
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| 257 | sufficient to change the name of the client in the config file entry, which
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| 258 | isn't really a solution if e.g. the server thinks the client is 'localhost'.
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| 259 | </p>
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| 260 | <p>
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| 261 | There are two different ways to determine the client name.
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| 262 | Unfortunately, judging
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| 263 | from customer feedback as well from common sense, both do not work very well
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| 264 | with a messed up local DNS (including /etc/hosts files) and/or
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| 265 | überparanoid or misconfigured firewalls (in case of connections
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| 266 | across one).
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| 267 | </p>
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| 268 | <ul>
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| 269 | <li>
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| 270 | <p>
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| 271 | <i>First method: Determine client name on client, and
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| 272 | try to cross-check on server</i>
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| 273 | <p>
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| 274 | <p>
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| [307] | 275 | This does not work for a number of people because
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| 276 | <ol>
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| 277 | <li>
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| 278 | the
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| 279 | <tt>/etc/hosts</tt> file on the client machine has errors
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| 280 | (yes, there are plenty machines with a completely
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| 281 | messed up <tt>/etc/hosts</tt> file),
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| 282 | </li>
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| 283 | <li>
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| 284 | the
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| 285 | server cannot resolve the client address because the local DNS is
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| 286 | misconfigured, or
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| 287 | </li>
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| 288 | <li>
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| 289 | the client machine has multiple network interfaces, and
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| 290 | the interface used is not the one the client name resolves to.
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| 291 | </li>
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| 292 | </ol>
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| [1] | 293 | </p>
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| [89] | 294 |
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| [307] | 295 | <p>
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| [1] | 296 | If the client uses the wrong interface on a multi-interface machine,
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| 297 | there is a config file option
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| 298 | <tt>SetBindAddress=</tt><i>IP address</i>
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| 299 | that allows to choose the interface the client will use for
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| 300 | outgoing connections.
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| [307] | 301 | </p>
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| 302 | <p>
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| [1] | 303 | If you want to download the config file from the server, you
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| [89] | 304 | should instead use the corresponding command line option
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| [1] | 305 | <tt>--bind-address=</tt><i>IP address</i>
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| 306 | to select the interface.
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| [307] | 307 | </p>
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| [1] | 308 |
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| 309 | <p>
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| [307] | 310 | If you encounter problems, you may (1) fix your
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| 311 | <tt>/etc/hosts</tt> file(s), (2) fix your local DNS, or
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| 312 | (3) switch to the second method.
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| [1] | 313 | </p>
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| 314 | <p>
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| [307] | 315 | Error messages related to name resolving/cross-checking can be
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| 316 | suppressed by setting a
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| 317 | very low severity (lower than the logging threshold), e.g.
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| [1] | 318 | </p>
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| 319 | <p>
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| [307] | 320 | <tt>SeverityLookup=</tt><i>debug</i>
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| [1] | 321 | </p>
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| 322 | <p>
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| [307] | 323 | in the <i>Misc</i> section of the server configuration,
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| 324 | if you prefer running <i>unsafe</i> at any speed
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| 325 | instead of fixing the problem (you have been warned). Doing so will
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| 326 | allow an attacker to pose as the client.
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| [1] | 327 | </p>
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| 328 | </li>
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| 329 | <li>
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| 330 | <p><i>Second method: Use address of connecting entity as
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| 331 | known to the communication layer</i></p>
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| 332 | <p>
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| 333 | This has been dropped as default
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| 334 | long ago because it may not always be the
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| 335 | address of the client machine.
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| 336 | To enable this method, use
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| 337 | </p>
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| 338 | <p>
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| 339 | <tt>SetClientFromAccept=</tt><i>true</i>
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| 340 | </p>
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| 341 | <p>
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| 342 | in the <i>Misc</i> section of the server configuration
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| 343 | file. If the address cannot be resolved, or reverse lookup of the
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| 344 | resolved name fails, <i>no</i> error message will be issued,
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| 345 | but the numerical address will be used.
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| 346 | </p>
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| 347 | </li>
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| 348 | </ul>
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| 349 |
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| 350 |
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| 351 | <h2><a name="sect3">Downloading config/database files</a></h2>
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| 352 |
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| 353 | <p>
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| 354 | The client does <i>not</i> tell the server the path to the requested
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| [307] | 355 | file - it just tells the <em>type</em> of the file, i.e.
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| 356 | either a configuration file or a database file. It is entirely the
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| [1] | 357 | responsibility of the server to locate the correct file and send it.
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| 358 | </p>
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| 359 | <p>
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| 360 | The server has a <i>data directory</i>, which by default would be
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| 361 | <tt>/var/lib/yule</tt>. Here the config/database files should be placed.
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| 362 | </p>
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| 363 | <p>
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| 364 | Configuration files: <tt>rc.</tt><i>client.mydomain.tld</i> or
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| 365 | simply <tt>rc</tt>
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| 366 | (this can be used as a catchall file).
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| 367 | </p>
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| 368 | <p>
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| 369 | Database files: <tt>file.</tt><i>client.mydomain.tld</i> or
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| 370 | simply <tt>file</tt>
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| 371 | (this can be used as a catchall file).
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| 372 | </p>
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| 373 |
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| 374 | <h3>Problem #1</h3>
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| 375 |
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| 376 | <p>
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| 377 | If the server cannot access the configuration (or database) file, either
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| 378 | because it does not exist or the server has no read permission, the
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| 379 | client will report <b>File download failed</b>. The server will
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| 380 | report: <b>File not accessible</b>, <i>and</i> it will tell you in the
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| 381 | same report the path where it would have expected the file (example):
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| 382 | <b>path="/var/lib/yule/rc.client.mydomain.com"</b>
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| 383 | </p>
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| 384 | <p>
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| 385 | To fix: put the file in the correct location, make sure the permissions
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| 386 | are ok.
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| [307] | 387 | <ul>
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| 388 | <li>
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| 389 | Note that <em>the server drops root privileges at startup</em> and
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| 390 | runs as an unprivileged user (the first existing out of:
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| 391 | yule, daemon, nobody).
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| 392 | </li>
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| 393 | <li>
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| 394 | Also remember that to access a file, at least execute permission is required
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| 395 | <em>for every directory in the path</em>.
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| 396 | </li>
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| 397 | </ul>
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| [1] | 398 | </p>
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| 399 |
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| 400 |
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| 401 | <h2><a name="sect4">Other connection problems</a></h2>
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| 402 |
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| 403 | <p>
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| 404 | The server has a table with client names and their session keys. If
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| 405 | another client process accesses the server from the same host,
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| 406 | it will negotiate a fresh session key for that host. As a consequence,
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| 407 | the session key of the first client process will become <i>invalid</i>.
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| 408 | </p>
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| 409 | <p>
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| 410 | Also, the server keeps track of the status of a client. If a client
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| 411 | process does not announce its termination to the server, the server
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| 412 | will not expect a <i>startup</i> message, and issue a warning for any
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| 413 | such message.
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| 414 | </p>
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| 415 |
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| 416 | <h3>Problem #1</h3>
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| 417 |
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| 418 | <p>
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| 419 | The client reports: <b>Invalid connection state</b>. The server reports:
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| 420 | <b>Invalid connection attempt: Signature mismatch</b>. This is a sign that
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| 421 | a client has tried to connect using an invalid session key. Most probably,
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| 422 | another instance of the client is/was started on the respective host.
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| 423 | </p>
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| 424 | <p>
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| 425 | To fix: if you need to have concurrent access to the server,
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| 426 | suspend the first process with SIGUSR2 before starting the second. Use
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| 427 | SIGUSR2 again to wake up the first process. Give the process a second or two
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| 428 | to return into the main event loop and go into suspend mode. Do not just use
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| 429 | SIGSTOP/SIGCONT: it is important that the client tells the server that
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| 430 | it will go into suspend.
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| 431 | </p>
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| 432 |
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| 433 | <h3>Problem #2</h3>
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| 434 |
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| 435 | <p>
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| 436 | The server reports:
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| 437 | <b>Restart without prior exit</b> for a client.
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| 438 | This is a sign that
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| 439 | a client has re-started without informing the server about a previous
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| 440 | termination.
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| 441 | </p>
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| 442 | <p>
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| 443 | This would happen if the client was killed with SIGKILL, or if it terminated
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| 444 | within the routine to send a message to the server (the routine is
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| 445 | not re-entrant). You may want to investigate messages logged via another
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| 446 | logging facility (e.g. the client's local logfile). Of course it <i>may</i>
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| 447 | also be a segfault, which would be reported via syslog.
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| 448 | </p>
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| 449 |
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| 450 | </div>
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| 451 | </body>
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| 452 | </html>
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